The 2015 sulphur Emission Control Area regulationsmay increase bunker fuel costs by 87%,forcing as much as half of the present freight that transits through these areas ontothe roads.

Sulphur regulations could cost £3.6bn a year to shipping within 200 miles of the UK.

Maritime UK warned of the potential side effects of plans proposed by the IMO and the EU to reduce the levels of sulphur fuel, saying, "These regulations will create considerable financial, logistical, societal and even environmental impacts."

The body highlighted some of the likely major consequences of applying the 0.1% low sulphur fuel regulation. These include an averageactivity shift of 50% from sea to land in Emission Control Areas, increasing congestion and road pollution, raising fuel prices and undermining current efforts to reduce road freight by promoting short sea shipping.

Also predicted are an additional 12m tons of carbon emissions in Europe alone through hydro-treating heavy fuel oilto meet requirements. The body is also concerned about an increase in peopleusing less environmentally friendly air travel as longer ferry routes close and cruise prices rise, all of which could lead to job losses in UK ports and across associated infrastructure.

Current efforts by UK Shipping Minister Mike Penning to reduce road freight by promoting short sea shipping would clearly be undermined by these fuel plans. The submission also expresses concerns that the "net environmental benefits" of sulphur reduction will be lost under current proposals.

The body highlights that the industry does recognise the sulphur problem.

    Maritime Journal